What is general obligation ? general exceptions of the carrier ?

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3 common law obligations (as to seaworthiness, deviation, reasonable despatch) are basic obligations of all carriers.

6 common law exceptions (act of God, Queen’s enemies, inherent vice, defective packing, fraud, jettison/general average) protect the carrier from liability, unless he is negligent, if his vessel was unseaworthy at the start of the voyage, or if there was a serious deviation from the contract (e.g. cargo taken to a non-agreed port, etc.).