Share Market basics for beginners

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Share Market basics for beginners

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Let us start this stock market course with Share Market basics for beginners.
This Chapter covers few basic words and terms you keep hearing by most stock market veterans, as well as beginners.
I am deliberately not including the Fundamental analysis and investment ratios jargon in this chapter, same will be dealt later, and sticking only to basic phrases which investors talk in general speaking.

In this Chapter you will learn

1. What are Shares in a company
2. What is Stock market exchange NSE and BSE
3. Important Financial intermediaries of stock market
4. Demat and Trading account
5. What is Sensex and Nifty
6. Bull Market vs Bear Market
7. Small Cap vs Mid Cap vs Large Cap Stocks
8. CNC vs MIS
9. What is Mutual Fund
10. Few other Stock market investing and trading jargons

STOCK INVESTMENT VALUE INVESTING GROWTH INVESTING STOCK MARKET COURSE FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE

X What are shares
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So what are shares in a company mean ?
What are the benefits of buying a share or stock ?

In very simple terms share is a like a partnership in a company if you buy and hold a company share you are called the shareholder and you hold part ownership of the company. The company in turn needs to inform all shareholders about company decisions and reports since you are an actual owner of a small part of the company.

Why company issues share ?
Companies issue share with their IPO listing so that they can get money from investors like us. This money in turn helps the company to grow and obviously the shareholder gets benefit of dividend as well as rising price of share if the company is doing good. (Plz read why share price rise and fall ?)

Shareholders are classified into different categories depending on who is holding companies shares like

1. Promoters - Owners and related investors who started, running or are affiliated with the company.
2. FII  shareholders - Foreign institutional investor
3. DII shareholders  - Domestic institutional investors like Mutual Fund groups, LIC etc.
4. Retails Share holders - That is probably you and me.

Listed companies who issue shares are required to detail the Share holding details called Share holding Pattern (SHP) intermittently to the Stock market Exchange. Stock Exchange in turn make these Share holding pattern details available on their website.

Shares are classified into different types depending upon the benefits they have to the shareholder like

1. Preference shares
2. Differential Voting Right (DVR) shares
3. Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) shares
4. Equity shares

You and me aka retail investors generally hold these EQUITY Shares from the stock market Exchange. In this stock market course, we will deal only with EQUITY Shares.

Lets see now what is Stock Market exchange NSE and BSE

X what is Stock exchange NSE and BSE ?
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So once we know what are shares in a company, let us understand what is stock exchange and what does NSE and BSE stand for ?

BSE or Bombay stock exchange was set up in 1875 and was the first stock exchange in Asia. It is located in Mumbai and boasts of fastest online trading speed of 6 microseconds. At the time of writing there were nearly 4056 actively traded companies at BSE. The 1992 scam in Bombay Stock exchange made investors loose trust in investing. This not only resulted in formation of SEBI but also NSE.

NSE or National stock exchange was established in 1992 and is presently fourth largest stock exchange by trade volume. NSE too is located at mumbai and boasts being the first stock exchange to start online trading. At the time of writing there were nearly 1738 actively traded companies at NSE.


Once you want to buy or sell a share of a listed company you cannot do that yourself ! These transaction of shares is done through Stock brokers at stock exchange. Stock Exchange facilitates transaction of stocks and connects a buyer and seller. Stock exchange allows these investors to transact through a stock broker.

Stock exchange and stock brokers are not the only ones involved in a transaction, there are more intermediaries too. Lets move ahead in our stock market course to understand them at Financial intermediaries of stock market.

X Financial intermediaries of stock market
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Let us discuss some important financial intermediaries of stock market now.

1. You
Yes YOU, without you, the investors no investment will start. The investor in itself is an important intermediary of a stock market. Some one like you and me want to sell a share and at the same moment someone wants to buy that particular share. However you and me cannot do any transaction directly and you need a stock broker for any business with Stock Exchange like NSE and BSE .

2. Stock Broker
Stock Broker is a corporate entity registered directly as a trading member by stock exchange. Stock brokers provide you trading account and help you with your basic stock market documentation. Initial days retail investor used to call a stock broker on telephone for buying and selling of shares. Obviously this resulted in delay of transaction. These days it is done online instantly. Most stock brokers these days provide online trading platform for instant transaction orders of buy and sell.

3. Depository and depository Participants
In olden days shares used to be transferred in paper format.  This paper served as a proof that you held a certain amount of shares of a company. Later this format was changed to digital format or dematerialized format. For holding a dematerialized share you need a demat account. We have detailed about Trading account and Demat account in another post. These demat accounts are provided by Depositories like NSDL and CDSL. When you open a trading account with any stock broker they will ask your preference which depository you want to open account with ?

Technically both CDSL and NSDL operate as per guidelines of SEBI and their charges are also same. Since your stock broker aka depository participants helps you in opening of demat account, they may add their service charge over the charges  While NSDL and CDSL charges are same but different brokers charge different demat charges to the customer e.g. Zerodha, even though does not charge any brokerage it does charge Rs 8 per stock (Total Shares of 1 company) over the DP Charge of 5.5 Rs everytime you sell a stock from your Demat account.

4. SEBI
SEBI or stock exchange board of India was found in 1992 by the securities and exchange board of India act 1992. SEBI has regulatory authority and sets rules and regulations for various intermediaries in Indian stock market. Their function is defined as

it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Board  to  protect  the interests  of  investors  in  securities  and  to  promote  the  development  of,  and  to  regulate  the securities market.

So if you have any grievance against any of the financial intermediary of the stock market and they are not listening to your grievance you can always complain to SEBI through their SCORE or (SEBI COmplaints REdress System)
 https://scores.gov.in/scores/Welcome.html

5. Clearing Corporations
An investor rarely hears about the clearing corporations but it is these organizations which improves the transaction settlement process e.g. match debit and credit process.  
National Security Clearing Corporation Ltd (NSSCL) is clearing corporation of NSE and Indian Clearing Corporation Ltd (ICCL) is clearing corporation of BSE. You can check details from below links
 http://www.icclindia.com/
 http://www.nscclindia.com/

6. Your Bank
Obviously most online platform links your bank account not only for transaction charges and cash transfer but also for keeping your holding companies informed for correct dividend payout.

There may be even more financial intermediaries of stock market and you can get the details of most Financial Intermediaries at SEBI Website by following https://www.sebi.gov.in/intermediaries.html  .
To keep this stock market course simple, we are not getting into too much technicalities of these intermediaries, so lets understand basics of Demat and Trading Account now.

VALUE INVESTING STOCK INVESTMENT GROWTH INVESTING FINANCIAL PLANNING

X Demat and Trading account
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Once you decide to invest in stock market you will approach a stock broker for opening a Demat and Trading account.

What is a trading account ?
Trading account is an account provided by a stock broker for share trading. Most stock brokers, if not all, provide an Internet or Online trading account for easier buying and selling of Stocks. Generally your stock broker after completing formal requirements like KYC and linking bank account details will give you a user id and password.
Using this user id and password you can login to transact in your preferred stocks.

For Intra-day (buying and selling same day) and F&O (Future and Options) trading you do not need a demat account, however if you want delivery of your shares e.g. buying today and selling in future days, you need a demat account to hold your Shares. This stock market course does not detail about Intra-day trading or F&O . (Plz read Stock Trading vs Stock Investing)

What is a demat account ?
As told before in Financial intermediaries of stock market, Demat account or de-materialized account is where you keep your delivered shares. These days you cannot keep shares in paper format and Demat accounts are provided by depositories like CDSL and NSDL to hold them in digital format. Most stock brokers will link your trading account with bank account as well as the Demat account seamlessly while opening your trading and de-mat account. Thus, stock brokers themselves are referred as depository participants.

Most stock brokers will require you to sign a Power of Attorney (POA) so that they can SELL stocks from your demat account, on your behalf at any Stock Exchange like NSE and BSE.

Normal process of Buying and Selling of Shares using online Trading account

1. Most discount brokers, wants you to first transfer funds from your bank account to them using online trading account before buying shares of a company.
2. Once fund is transferred, you can go ahead and order a quantity of share at your required price through the trading account.
3. Once you BUY the stock for delivery (Please refer CNC vs MIS), that day is called the trading day (T day).  
4. The stock gets delivered into your Demat account in T plus 2 days.
5. Mostly you can SELL the stock only after the stock is in your demat account. e.g. after T plus 2 days.
6. Once you SELL any stock it gets out of your Demat account in T plus 1 days.
7. While the money received on selling gets displayed in your trading account immediately, it takes T plus 2 days to get to your bank account.
   Many discount brokers want you to manually request for transfer of funds to your bank account. SEBI has directed Stock Brokers to clear the funds automatically on quarterly or annual basis. These days many stock brokers ask your fund clearing requirement while registering you for a new trading account with them.

For easier reference you can compare stocks as cash and Demat account as your Bank savings account, so all the stocks are kept in digital format in your demat account like money is kept in your bank. While you can transfer the stocks using the online trading account you can also transfer offline using Delivery Instruction Slip Book (DIS) which can be compared to your bank cheque book.

CDSL AND NSDL both provide you a separate online interface on their website or as an app to track your holding. After the Karvy demat scam it is always advisable to cross check that your trading account stock portfolio matches with your demat account holding.

Let us now check a jargon you must have heard so many times Sensex and Nifty.

STOCK INVESTMENT VALUE INVESTING GROWTH INVESTING STOCK MARKET COURSE FINANCIAL PLANNING

X What is Sensex and Nifty ?
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Whenever you hear people talking about stock Market in general terms like "stock market crashed today",  "stock market is in the Bull run",  "Bull Market vs Bear Market", what they are actually referring is BSE SENSEX and NSE NIFTY !

What is sensex and Nifty ?
Sensex and Nifty are two different indexes created by the two Indian stock market exchange BSE and NSE. Each stock market has its own way of creating its index, SENSEX (Stock Exchange Sensitive Index) created by BSE consists of 30 stocks in various industries while NIFTY (National Stock Exchange Fifty) created by NSE consists of 50 stocks in various industry.

Since each company in index is considered one of the leaders in its own industry, strangely, index is thus related to economy ! If the company or index is rising people consider this as economy of India rising and vice versa.

Why was Sensex and Nifty created ?
At the time of writing, BSE had more than 4000 and NSE more than 1700 actively traded shares of company. Calculating the progress of each stock daily to know the movement and performance of the stock market will not only be time consuming but impractical.
So each stock exchange decided their own unique way to pick some of listed companies as a representative from its respective industries.

Below table gives Nifty and Sensex index constituents.

No	Company	ISIN	SENSEX	NIFTY
1	Asian Paints Ltd	INE021A01026	YES	YES
2	Axis Bank Ltd	INE238A01034	YES	YES
3	Bajaj Finance Ltd	INE296A01024	YES	YES
4	Bajaj Finserv Ltd	INE918I01018	YES	YES
5	Bharti Airtel Ltd	INE397D01024	YES	YES
6	Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd	INE089A01023	YES	YES
7	HCL Technologies Ltd	INE860A01027	YES	YES
8	HDFC Bank Ltd	INE040A01034	YES	YES
9	Hindustan Unilever Ltd	INE030A01027	YES	YES
10	Housing Development Finance Corporation	INE001A01036	YES	YES
11	ICICI Bank Ltd	INE090A01021	YES	YES
12	IndusInd Bank Ltd	INE095A01012	YES	YES
13	Infosys Ltd	INE009A01021	YES	YES
14	ITC Ltd	INE154A01025	YES	YES
15	Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd	INE237A01028	YES	YES
16	Larsen & Toubro Ltd	INE018A01030	YES	YES
17	Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd	INE101A01026	YES	YES
18	Maruti Suzuki India Ltd	INE585B01010	YES	YES
19	Nestle India Ltd	INE239A01016	YES	YES
20	NTPC Ltd	INE733E01010	YES	YES
21	Power Grid Corp of India Ltd	INE752E01010	YES	YES
22	Reliance Industries Ltd	INE002A01018	YES	YES
23	State Bank of India	INE062A01020	YES	YES
24	Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd	INE044A01036	YES	YES
25	Tata Consultancy Services Ltd	INE467B01029	YES	YES
26	Tata Steel Ltd	INE081A01012	YES	YES
27	Tech Mahindra Ltd	INE669C01036	YES	YES
28	Titan Co Ltd	INE280A01028	YES	YES
29	UltraTech Cement Ltd	INE481G01011	YES	YES
30	Wipro Ltd	INE075A01022	YES	YES
31	Adani Ports	INE742F01042	NO	YES
32	Bajaj Auto	INE917I01010	NO	YES
33	Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited	INE029A01011	NO	YES
34	Britannia	INE216A01030	NO	YES
35	Cipla	INE059A01026	NO	YES
36	Coal India	INE522F01014	NO	YES
37	Divis Laboratories	INE361B01024	NO	YES
38	Eicher Motors	INE066A01021	NO	YES
39	Grasim	INE047A01021	NO	YES
40	HDFC Life	INE795G01014	NO	YES
41	HERO Motocorp	INE158A01026	NO	YES
42	Hindalco	INE038A01020	NO	YES
43	Indian Oil Corporation	INE242A01010	NO	YES
44	JSW Steel	INE019A01038	NO	YES
45	ONGC	INE213A01029	NO	YES
46	SBI Life Insurance	INE123W01016	NO	YES
47	Shree Cement	INE070A01015	NO	YES
48	TATA Consumer Products	INE192A01025	NO	YES
49	TATA Motors	INE155A01022	NO	YES
50	UPL LIMITED	INE628A01036	NO	YES

Detailing about the calculation of Index is beyond the scope of this share market tutorial and mostly futile for general investor. Practically, the rise of Sensex or NIFTY has nothing to do with your actual stock portfolio. Many times the stock market is declining while your portfolio rises and vice versa.

A value investor always check the fundamentals of company, does financial statement analysis, knows how to value stocks and is never affected by rise or fall of Sensex or NIFTY. (Plz read Stock Trading vs Stock Investing and Fundamental Analysis vs Technical Analysis)

There are many experts who predict where the index will go in coming years. I can assure you, after 15 years of investing and learning, I think nobody can tell you where the Sensex and NIFTY will be accurately, it is just a wild guess told mostly to create a sense of authority !

STOCK INVESTMENT STOCK MARKET COURSE VALUE INVESTING FINANCIAL PLANNING GROWTH INVESTING

X Bull Market vs Bear Market
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Whenever people talk in general about Bull market or bear market what they mean are 2 things

1. Stock market or Sensex and Nifty Trend and
2. Investor sentiment or faith in the stock market

What is bull market ?
When stock market e.g. Sensex or Nifty is rising with most stock prices rising we call it a BULL market. The investor sentiments is positive and they have faith in the stock market and economy in general. They are BULLISH.
The term is derived from bulls throwing their opponents UP by their horn !

What is bear market ?
When stock market is falling and the prices of most shares of company are falling, it is generally called the bear market. The investor sentiments is negative and they lack faith in stock market and are afraid in investing during such times. Investors are BEARISH.
The term is derived from bears bringing DOWN their opponents by striking claws downwards  !

In very simple terms Investor sentiment is positive in a bull market and mostly shares are over-valued and in a bear market people are fearful and you may find many undervalued stocks, if you know how to value stocks !.

Its GREED vs FEAR !

Let us now understand the difference between Small Cap vs Mid Cap vs Large Cap Stocks.

STOCK INVESTMENT STOCK MARKET COURSE VALUE INVESTING FINANCIAL PLANNING GROWTH INVESTING

X Small Cap vs Mid Cap vs Large Cap Stocks
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In 2017 SEBI defined rules to classify companies according to their market capitalisation.

Listed companies were classified in three different categories

• Large cap
• Midcap and
• Smallcap

What is market capitalisation ?
Market capitalisation means total number of outstanding shares trading in the market for a company multiplied by price of each share. Market cap is used to estimate valuation of a company.

SEBI categorised company basis below valuation

	Large Cap	Mid Cap	Small Cap
Market Cap	Above 20,000 Crores	Between 5,000-20,000 Crores	Below 5,000 Crores

Since most large cap companies have decades old performance records and are reputed, they are considered safe investments. Mid Cap and Small cap companies may not have consistent results as the large cap, and are considered moderately risky.
When you go to mutual funds and they say we invest in BLUE CHIP Shares mostly they mean these Large Cap stocks. Mid cap and small cap companies while considered risky, still investors have large growth expectations from such companies.


STOCK INVESTMENT STOCK MARKET COURSE VALUE INVESTING FINANCIAL PLANNING GROWTH INVESTING